greatbarrierreef是什么意思

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大堡礁(Great Barrier Reef Queensland, Australia)英文先容

转自维基百科

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef

维基有中文版的假如LZ须要本人搜刮下中文版维基在大陆属于不法的我就不帮贴出来了

TheGreatBarrierReefistheworldslargestcoralreefsystem,[1][2]composedofroughly3,000individualreefsand900islandsstretchingfor2,600kilometres(1,616mi)overanareaofapproximately344,400squarekilometres(132,974sqmi).[3][4]ThereefislocatedintheCoralSea,offthecoastofQueenslandinnortheastAustralia.

TheGreatBarrierReefcanbeseenfromouterspaceandistheworldsbiggestsinglestructuremadebylivingorganisms.[5]Thisreefstructureiscomposedofandbuiltbybillionsoftinyorganisms,knownascoralpolyps.[6]TheGreatBarrierReefsupportsawidediversityoflife,andwasselectedasaWorldHeritageSitein1981.[1][2]CNNhaslabelleditoneofthesevennaturalwondersoftheworld.[7]TheQueenslandNationalTrusthasnameditastateiconofQueensland.[8]

AlargepartofthereefisprotectedbytheGreatBarrierReefMarinePark,whichhelpstolimittheimpactofhumanuse,suchasoverfishingandtourism.Otherenvironmentalpressurestothereefanditsecosystemincludewaterqualityfromrunoff,climatechangeaccompaniedbymasscoralbleaching,andcyclicoutbreaksofthecrown-of-thornsstarfish.

Physiography

TheGreatBarrierReefisadistinctphysiographicprovinceofthelargerEastAustralianCordilleradivision.[citationneeded]ItencompassesthesmallerMurrayIslandsphysiographicsection.[citationneeded]

Geologyandgeography

SatelliteimageofpartoftheGreatBarrierReefadjacenttotheQueenslandcoastalareasofProserpineandMackay.Australiamovednorthwardsatarateof7cmperyear,startingduringtheCainozoic.[9]EasternAustraliaexperiencedaperiodoftectonicuplift,leadingtothedrainagedivideinQueenslandmoving400kminland.Alsoduringthistime,Queenslandexperiencedvolcaniceruptionsleadingtocentralandshieldvolcanoesandbasaltflows.[10]Someofthesegraniticoutcropshavebecomehighislands.[11]AftertheCoralSeaBasinwasformed,coralreefsbegantogrowintheBasin,butuntilabout25millionyearsago,northernQueenslandwasstillintemperatewaterssouthofthetropics-toocooltosupportcoralgrowth.[12]ThehistoryofthedevelopmentoftheGreatBarrierReefiscomplex;afterQueenslanddriftedintotropicalwaters,thehistoryislargelyinfluencedbyhowreefsfluctuate(growandrecede)asthesealevelchanges.[13]Theycanincreaseindiameterfrom1to2centimetresperyear,andgrowverticallyanywherefrom1to15centimetres(0.4–12in)peryear;however,theyarelimitedtogrowingaboveadepthof150metres(492ft)duetotheirneedforsunlight,andcannotgrowabovesealevel.[14]ThelandthatformedthesubstrateofthecurrentGreatBarrierReefwasacoastalplainformedfromtheerodedsedimentsoftheGreatDividingRangewithsomelargerhills(someofwhichwerethemselvesremnantsofolderreefs[15]orvolcanoes[11]).[9]WhenQueenslandmovedintotropicalwaters24millionyearsago,somecoralgrew,[16]butasedimentationregimequicklydevelopedwitherosionoftheGreatDividingRange;creatingriverdeltas,oozesandturbidites,whichwouldhavebeenunsuitableconditionsforcoralgrowth.10millionyearsago,thesealevelsignificantlylowered,whichfurtherenabledthesedimentation.[17]

TheReefResearchCentre,aCooperativeResearchCentre,hasfoundcoralskeletondepositsthatdatebackhalfamillionyears.[18]TheGBRMPAconsiderstheearliestevidencetosuggestcompletereefstructurestohavebeen600,000yearsago.[19]

AccordingtotheGreatBarrierReefMarineParkAuthority,thecurrent,livingreefstructureisbelievedtohavebegungrowingontheolderplatformabout20,000yearsago.[19]TheAustralianInstituteofMarineScienceagrees,whichplacesthebeginningofthegrowthofthecurrentreefatthetimeoftheLastGlacialMaximum.Ataroundthattime,thesealevelwas120metres(394ft)lowerthanitistoday.

HeronIsland,acoralcayinthesouthernGreatBarrierReef.From20,000yearsagountil6,000yearsago,thesealevelrosesteadily.Asitrose,thecoralscouldthengrowhigheronthehillsofthecoastalplain.Byaround13,000yearsagothesealevelwas60metres(197ft)lowerthanthepresentday,andcoralsbegantogrowaroundthehillsofthecoastalplain,whichwere,bythen,continentalislands.Asthesealevelrosefurtherstill,mostofthecontinentalislandsweresubmerged.Thecoralscouldthenovergrowthehills,toformthepresentcaysandreefs.SealevelontheGreatBarrierReefhasnotrisensignificantlyinthelast6,000years.[15]TheCRCReefResearchCentreestimatestheageofthepresent,livingreefstructureat6,000to8,000yearsold.[18]

TheremainsofanancientbarrierreefsimilartotheGreatBarrierReefcanbefoundinTheKimberley,anorthernregionofWesternAustralia.[20]

TheGreatBarrierReefWorldHeritageAreahasbeendividedinto70bioregions,[21]ofwhich30arereefbioregions,[22]and40arenon-reefbioregions.[23][24]InthenorthernpartoftheGreatBarrierReef,ribbonreefsanddeltaicreefshaveformed;thesestructuresarenotfoundintherestoftheGreatBarrierReefsystem.[18]Therearenoatollsinthesystem,[25]andreefsattachedtothemainlandarerare.[9]

Fringingreefsaredistributedwidely,butaremostcommontowardsthesouthernpartoftheGreatBarrierReef,attachedtohighislands,forexample,theWhitsundayIslands.LagoonalreefsarealsofoundinthesouthernGreatBarrierReef,buttherearesomeofthesefoundfurthernorth,offthecoastofPrincessCharlotteBay.CresenticreefsarethemostcommonshapeofreefinthemiddleoftheGreatBarrierReefsystem,forexamplethereefssurroundingLizardIsland.CresenticreefsarealsofoundinthefarnorthoftheGreatBarrierReefMarinePark,andintheSwainReefs(20-22degreesSouth).PlanarreefsarefoundinthenorthernandsouthernpartsoftheGreatBarrierReef,nearCapeYork,PrincessCharlotteBay,andCairns.Mostoftheislandsonthereefarefoundonplanarreefs.[26]

Ecology

GreenseaturtleontheGreatBarrierReefTheGreatBarrierReefsupportsadiversityoflife,includingmanyvulnerableorendangeredspecies,someofwhichmaybeendemictothereefsystem.[27][28]

Thirtyspeciesofwhales,dolphins,andporpoiseshavebeenrecordedintheGreatBarrierReef,includingthedwarfminkewhale,Indo-Pacifichumpbackdolphin,andthehumpbackwhale.Largepopulationsofdugongslivethere.[29][30][28]

Sixspeciesofseaturtlescometothereeftobreed–thegreenseaturtle,leatherbackseaturtle,hawksbillturtle,loggerheadseaturtle,flatbackturtle,andtheoliveridley.ThegreenseaturtlesontheGreatBarrierReefhavetwogeneticallydistinctpopulations,oneinthenorthernpartofthereefandtheotherinthesouthernpart.[31]Fifteenspeciesofseagrassinbedsattractthedugongsandturtles,[29]andprovideahabitatforfish.[32]ThemostcommongeneraofseagrassesareHalophilaandHalodule.[33]

Saltwatercrocodilesliveinmangroveandsaltmarshesonthecoastnearthereef.[34]Nestinghasnotbeenreported,andthesaltwatercrocodilepopulationintheGBRWHAiswide-rangingandwithalowpopulationdensity.[35]Around125speciesofshark,stingray,skatesorchimeraliveonthereef,[36][37]includingtheirukandjijellyfish.Closeto5,000speciesofmolluschavebeenrecordedonthereef,includingthegiantclamandvariousnudibranchsandconesnails.[29]Forty-ninespeciesofpipefishandninespeciesofseahorsehavebeenrecorded.[35]Atleastsevenspeciesoffrogcanbefoundontheislands.[38]

215speciesofbirds(including22speciesofseabirdsand32speciesofshorebirds)areattractedtothereefornestorroostontheislands,[39]includingthewhite-belliedseaeagleandroseatetern.[29]MostnestingsitesareonislandsinthenorthernandsouthernregionsoftheGreatBarrierReef,with1.4-1.7millionbirdsusingthesitestobreed.[40][41]TheislandsoftheGreatBarrierReefalsosupport2,195knownplantspecies;threeoftheseareendemic.Thenorthernislandshave300-350plantspecieswhichtendtobewoody,whereasthesouthernislandshave200whichtendtobeherbaceous;theWhitsundayregionisthemostdiverse,supporting1,141species.Theplantspeciesarespreadbybirds.[38]

SeventeenspeciesofseasnakeliveontheGreatBarrierReef.Theytakethreeorfouryearstoreachsexualmaturityandarelong-livedbutwithlowfertility.Theyareusuallybenthic,butthespeciesthatliveonthesoftsedimentdifferfromthosethatliveonthereefsthemselves.Theyliveinwarmwatersupto50metres(164ft)deepandaremorecommoninthesouthernthaninthenorthernpartofthereef.NoneoftheseasnakesfoundintheGreatBarrierReefWorldHeritageAreaareendemictothereef,norareanyofthemendangered.[35]

Morethan1,500speciesoffishliveonthereef,includingtheclownfish,redbass,red-throatemperor,andseveralspeciesofsnapperandcoraltrout.[29]Forty-ninespeciesareknowntomassspawn,witheighty-fourotherspeciesfoundonthereefspawningelsewhereintheirrange.[42]

Thereareatleast330speciesofascidiansfoundonthereefsystem,ranginginsizefrom1mm-10cmindiameter.Between300-500speciesofbryozoansarefoundonthereefsystem.[37]

Fourhundredspeciesofcorals,bothhardcoralsandsoftcoralsarefoundonthereef.[29]Themajorityofthesespawngametes,breedinginmassspawningeventsthatarecontrolledbytherisingseatemperaturesofspringandsummer,thelunarcycle,andthediurnalcycle.ReefsintheinnerGreatBarrierReefspawnduringtheweekafterthefullmooninOctober,buttheouterreefsspawninNovemberandDecember.[43]ThecommonsoftcoralsontheGreatBarrierReefbelongto36genera.[44]Fivehundredspeciesofmarinealgaeorseaweedliveonthereef,[29]includingthirteenspeciesofthegenusHalimeda,whichdepositcalcareousmoundsupto100mwide,creatingmini-ecosystemsontheirsurfacewhichhavebeencomparedtorainforestcover.[45]

Environmentalthreats

Mainarticle:EnvironmentalthreatstotheGreatBarrierReef

Bioerosion(coraldamage)suchasthismaybecausedbycoralbleaching.[46]ThemostsignificantthreattotheGreatBarrierReefisclimatechange.[47][48]Masscoralbleachingeventsduetorisingoceantemperaturesoccurredinofthesummersof1998,2002and2006,[49]andcoralbleachingwilllikelybecomeanannualoccurrence.[50]AdraftreportbytheUNIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangestatesthattheGreatBarrierReefisatgraveriskandwillbefunctionallyextinctby2030.[50]ClimatechangehasimplicationsforotherformsoflifeontheGreatBarrierReefaswell-somefishspreferredtemperaturerangeleadthemtoseeknewareastolive,thuscausingchickmortalityinseabirdsthatpreyonthefish.Climatechangewillalsoaffectthepopulationandavailablehabitatofseaturtles.[51]

SeaTemperatureandBleachingoftheGreatBarrierReefAnotherkeythreatfacedbytheGreatBarrierReefispollutionanddecliningwaterquality.TheriversofnortheasternAustraliaprovidesignificantpollutionoftheReefduringtropicalfloodeventswithover90%ofthispollutionbeingsourcedfromfarms.[52]Farmrun-offispollutedasaresultofovergrazingandexcessivefertiliserandpesticideuse.DuetotherangeofhumanusesmadeofthewatercatchmentareaadjacenttotheGreatBarrierReef,waterqualityhasdeclinedowingtothesedimentandchemicalrunofffromfarming,andtolossofcoastalwetlandswhichareanaturalfilter.[53][54][55]Itisthoughtthatthemechanismbehindpoorwaterqualityaffectingthereefsisduetoincreasedlightandoxygencompetitionfromalgae.[56]

Crown-of-thornsstarfishThecrown-of-thornsstarfishisacoralreefpredatorwhichpreysoncoralpolyps.Largeoutbreaksofthesestarfishcandevastatereefs.In2000,anoutbreakcontributedtoalossof66%oflivecoralcoveronsampledreefsinastudybytheCRCReefsResearchCentre.[57]Outbreaksarebelievedtooccurinnaturalcycles,exacerbatedbypoorwaterqualityandoverfishingofthestarfishspredators.[57][58]

Theunsustainableoverfishingofkeystonespecies,suchastheGiantTriton,cancausedisruptiontofoodchainsvitaltolifeonthereef.Fishingalsoimpactsthereefthroughincreasedpollutionfromboats,by-catchofunwantedspecies(suchasdolphinsandturtles)andreefhabitatdestructionfromtrawling,anchorsandnets.[59]Asofthemiddleof2004,approximatelyone-thirdoftheGreatBarrierReefMarineParkisprotectedfromspeciesremovalofanykind,includingfishing,withoutwrittenpermission.[60]

OtherthreatstotheGreatBarrierReefincludeshippingaccidents,oilspills,andtropicalcyclones.

Humanuse

TheGreatBarrierReefhaslongbeenknowntoandutilisedbytheAboriginalAustralianandTorresStraitIslanderpeoples.AboriginalAustralianshavebeenlivingintheareafromatleast40,000yearsago,[61]andTorresStraitIslanderssinceabout10,000yearsago.[62]Forthese70orsoclangroups,thereefisalsoanimportantpartoftheircultureandspirituality.[63]

ThereeffirstbecameknowntoEuropeanswhentheHMBarkEndeavour,captainedbyexplorerJamesCook,ranagroundthereonJune11,1770,sustainingconsiderabledamage.Itwasfinallysavedafterlighteningtheshipasmuchaspossibleandre-floatingitduringanincomingtide.[64]OneofthemostfamouswreckswasthatoftheHMSPandora,whichsankonAugust29,1791,killing35.TheQueenslandMuseumhasbeenleadingarchaeologicaldigstothePandorasince1983.[65]However,astherewerenoatollsonthereefsystem,itwaslargelyunstudiedinthe19thcentury.[25]Duringthistime,someoftheislandsontheGreatBarrierReefwereminedfordepositsofguano,andlighthouseswerebuiltasbeaconsthroughthesystem,[66]asinRaineIsland,theearliestexample.[67]TheGreatBarrierReefCommitteewassetupin1922whichcarriedoutmuchoftheearlyresearchonthereef.[68]

Starfishoncoral-typically,touristsphotographthenaturalbeautyofthereef.

Management

Mainarticle:GreatBarrierReefMarinePark

AftertheRoyalCommissionsfindings,in1975theGovernmentofAustraliacreatedtheGreatBarrierReefMarineParkanddefinedwhatactivitieswereprohibitedontheGreatBarrierReef.[69]Theparkismanaged,inpartnershipwiththeGovernmentofQueensland,throughtheGreatBarrierReefMarineParkAuthoritytoensurethatitiswidelyunderstoodandusedinasustainablemanner.Acombinationofzoning,managementplans,permits,educationandincentives(suchaseco-tourismcertification)areusedintheefforttoconservetheGreatBarrierReef.

InJuly2004,anewzoningplanwasbroughtintoeffectfortheentireMarinePark,andhasbeenwidelyacclaimedasanewglobalbenchmarkfortheconservationofmarineecosystems.[70]Therezoningwasbasedontheapplicationofsystematicconservationplanningtechniques,usingtheMARXANsoftware.[71]WhileprotectionacrosstheMarineParkwasimproved,thehighlyprotectedzonesincreasedfrom4.5%toover33.3%.[72]Atthetime,itwasthelargestmarineprotectedareaintheworld,althoughasof2006,theNorthwesternHawaiianIslandsNationalMonumentisthelargest.[73]

In2006,areviewwasundertakenoftheGreatBarrierReefMarineParkAct1975.Somerecommendationsofthereviewarethatthereshouldbenofurtherzoningplanchangesuntil2013,andthateveryfiveyears,apeer-reviewedOutlookReportshouldbepublished,examiningthehealthoftheGreatBarrierReef,themanagementofthereef,andenvironmentalpressures.[4][74]

AscubadiverlookingatagiantclamontheGreatBarrierReef

Tourism

Duetoitsvastbiodiversity,warmclearwatersanditsaccessibilityfromthefloatingguestfacilitiescalledliveaboards,thereefisaverypopulardestinationfortourists,especiallyscubadivers.ManycitiesalongtheQueenslandcoastofferdailyboattripstothereef.Severalcontinentalandcoralcayislandshavebeenturnedintoresorts,includingthepristineresortislandofLadyElliotIsland.

Asthelargestcommercialactivityintheregion,itwasestimatedin2003thattourismintheGreatBarrierReefgeneratesoverAU$4billionannually.[75](A2005estimateputsthefigureatAU$5.1billion.[76])ApproximatelytwomillionpeoplevisittheGreatBarrierReefeachyear.[77]Althoughmostofthesevisitsaremanagedinpartnershipwiththemarinetourismindustry,therearesomeverypopularareasnearshore(suchasGreenIsland)thathavesuffereddamageduetooverfishingandlandbasedrunoff.

Avarietyofboattoursandcruisesareoffered,fromsingledaytrips,tolongervoyages.Boatsizesrangefromdinghiestosuperyachts.[78]Glass-bottomedboatsandunderwaterobservatoriesarealsopopular,asarehelicopterflights.Byfar,themostpopulartouristactivitiesontheGreatBarrierReefaresnorkellinganddiving,forwhichpontoonsareoftenused,andtheareaisoftenenclosedbynets.TheouterpartoftheGreatBarrierReefisfavouredforsuchactivities,duetowaterquality.

ManagementoftourismintheGreatBarrierReefisgearedtowardsmakingtourismecologicallysustainable.AdailyfeeisleviedthatgoestowardsresearchoftheGreatBarrierReef.[76]Thisfeeendsupbeing20%oftheGBRMPAsincome.[79]PlansofmanagementarealsoinplaceforthepopulartouristdestinationsofCairnsandtheWhitsundayIslands,whichaccountfor85%ofthetourismintheregion.[76]Policiesoncruiseships,bareboatcharters,andanchorageslimitthetrafficontheGreatBarrierReef.[76]

Fishing

ThefishingindustryintheGreatBarrierReef,controlledbytheQueenslandGovernment,isworthAU$1billionannually.[80]Itemploysapproximately2000people,andfishingintheGreatBarrierReefispursuedcommercially,forrecreation,andasatraditionalmeansforfeedingonesfamily.[63]Wonkyholesinthereefprovideparticularlyproductivefishingareas.

great barrier reef前面加不加the

加。greatbarrierreef前面假如不加the的话就不是一个完全的句子了，整个意义也会变，加上the的话句子是thegreatbarrierreef大堡礁的意义。

go scuba diving甚么意义

scuba

diving

un.轻潜水；戴主动潜水呼吸器潜游；斯库巴潜水

水肺潜水；深潜；器械潜水

例句

1.she

asked

meabout

whether

to

go

scuba

diving.

她问我是否往潜水。

2.maybe

we

can

go

scuba

diving

in_

next

week.

下礼拜咱们能够往潜水。

3.me

too!

and

i

would

really

love

to

see

the

great

barrier

reef.

id

like

to

go

scuba

diving.

我也是！并且我真的很是进展看到大堡礁。我进展往潜水。

4.we

havent

tried

scuba

diving

yet,

but

we

have

gone

snorkeling

many

times.

咱们还没试过水肺潜水，但是咱们曾经往浮潜过良多次了。

5.im

planning

to

get

a

scuba

diving

licence.

我设计往考取一个佩戴水肺潜水的证书。

澳大利亚的大堡礁——Great Barrier Reef

澳大利亚的大堡礁——GreatBarrierReef

世界上有一个最大最长的珊瑚礁群，它就是有名的大堡礁——GreatBarrierReef。它直通蜿蜒于澳洲的东海岸，全长2011千米，最宽处161千米。南端最阔别海

岸241千米，北端离海岸仅16千米。在涨潮时，部门的珊瑚礁露出水面形成珊瑚岛。

greatbarrierreef怎样读

英文原文：

greatbarrierreef

英式音标：

[gret][br][rif]

美式音标：

[ɡret][br][rif]

Great Barrⅰer Reef是甚么意义

GreatBarrierReef，指大堡礁。

“大堡礁（英文：TheGreatBarrierReef，法文：Grandebarrièredecorail），是世界最大最长的珊瑚礁群，位于南半球，它直通于澳大利亚的东北沿海，北从托雷斯海峡，南到南回回线以南，连绵伸展共有2011千米，最宽处161千米。有2900个巨细珊瑚礁岛，天然景观很是特别。”

greatbarrierreef是甚么意义

GreatBarrierReef一般指大堡礁（位于澳大利亚东岸的堡礁）

大堡礁（英文：TheGreatBarrierReef），是世界最大最长的珊瑚礁群，位于南半球，它直通于澳洲的东北沿海，北从托雷斯海峡，南到南回回线以南，连绵伸展共有2011千米，最宽处161千米。有2900个巨细珊瑚礁岛，天然景观很是特别。大堡礁的南端离海岸最远有241千米，北端较接近，比来处离海岸仅16千米。在涨潮时，部门的珊瑚礁露出水面形成珊瑚岛。在礁群与海岸之间是一条极方便的交通海路。海不扬波时，游船在其间通过，船下连缀不竭的多彩、多形的珊瑚风景，就成为吸引世界各地旅客来猎异景赏的最好海底异景。1981年列进世界天然遗产名录。

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